Improved Whale Optimization Algorithm for Transient Response, Robustness, and Stability Enhancement of an Automatic Voltage Regulator System

The proportional integral derivative (PID) controller is one of the most robust and simplest configuration controllers used for industrial applications. However, its performance purely depends on tuning (KP), (KI) (KD) gains. Therefore, a proper combination these gains primarily required to achieve an optimal PID controllers. conventional methods such as Cohen-Coon (CC) Ziegler–Nichols (ZN) generate unwanted overshoots long-lasting oscillations in system. Owing mentioned problems, this paper attempts optimized by exploiting intelligence whale optimization algorithm (WOA) recently introduced modified versions called improved (IWOA) automatic voltage regulator (AVR) stability IWOA-AVR system was studied assessing root-locus, bode maps, pole/zero plots. superiority presented design over eight explored AI-based approaches validated through comprehensive comparative analysis based important transient response metrics. Finally, assess robustness AVR system, conducted analyzing during variation time constants generator, exciter, amplifier from ?50% 50% range. results study prove proposed IWOA-based terms